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Mafia ((ロシア語:Ма́фия) (:ˈmaːfja), also known as Werewolf) is a party game created in the USSR by Dmitry Davidoff in 1986, modelling a conflict between an informed minority (the mafia) and an uninformed majority (the innocents). At the start of the game each player is secretly assigned a role affiliated with one of these teams. The game has two alternating phases: "night", during which the mafia may covertly "murder" an innocent, and "day", in which surviving players debate the identities of the mafiosi and vote to eliminate a suspect. Play continues until all of the mafia have been eliminated, or until the mafia outnumbers the innocents. ==History== Dmitry Davidoff ((ロシア語:Дми́трий Давы́дов), ''Dmitriy Davydov'') is generally acknowledged as the game's creator. He dates the first game to spring 1986 at the Psychology Department of Moscow State University, spreading to classrooms, dorms, and summer camps of Moscow University.〔Plotkin quotes a 2005 email in which Davidoff explains that he brought Mafia into the Psychology department classrooms for research and it spread (as a meme) from there to dormitories and likely over next summer, through student summer camps. He credits this game-based methodology to pioneering 1920s psychologist Lev Vygotskiy.〕 ''Wired'' attributes the creation to Davidoff but dates the first game to 1987,〔 with 1986 being the year in which Davidoff was starting the work which would produce Mafia. He developed the game to combine psychology research with his duties teaching high school students. The game became popular in other Soviet colleges and schools and in the 1990s it began to be played in other parts of Europe and then the United States. By the mid nineties a version of the game became a Latvian television series (with a parliamentary setting, and played by Latvian celebrities). Andrew Plotkin gave the rules a werewolf theme in 1997,〔 is Plotkin's own description of the original Werewolf version〕 arguing that the mafia were not that big a cultural reference, and that the werewolf concept fit the idea of a hidden enemy who looked normal during the daytime.〔 Mafia and a variant called Thing〔In which the antagonists are Things, monsters that can turn humans into other Things. For a more detailed description, see: (【引用サイトリンク】 Alien Among Us )〕 have been played at science fiction writers' workshops since 1998,〔 Since the Clarion workshops take place during the summer, the game must have first been played at a Clarion workshop in 1998, most likely Clarion East – see David Levine's account of Clarion West 2000, Mafia and Thing were first taught to the annual Viable Paradise workshop by James Patrick Kelly and Steven Gould in 2001; see (【引用サイトリンク】 The VP Experience )〕 and have become an integral part of the annual Clarion〔See ; (【引用サイトリンク】 Clarion Week 6: Always Bet on Black (in Mafia)! ); (【引用サイトリンク】 Clarion_Mafia )〕 and Viable Paradise〔See ; ; (【引用サイトリンク】 Viable Paradise – Day 1 ); (【引用サイトリンク】 A week in paradise ); and (【引用サイトリンク】 Viable Paradise, day one ). Quoting Also: (【引用サイトリンク】 Photo: semi-mandatory Mafia )〕 workshops. The Werewolf variant of Mafia became widespread at major tech events, including the Game Developers Conference, ETech, Foo Camps, and South By Southwest.〔 In 1998 the Kaliningrad Higher school of the Internal Affairs Ministry published the methodical textbook ''Nonverbal communications. Developing role-playing games 'Mafia' and 'Murderer for a course on Visual psychodiagnostics, to teach various methods of reading body language and nonverbal signals.〔Петров С.В., Холопова Е.Н. «Невербальная коммуникация. Развивающие ролевые игры „Мафия「 и „Убийца「». Учебно-методическое пособие – Калининград: КВШ МВД России, 1998〕 In September 1998 Mafia was introduced to the Graduate College at Princeton University, where a number of variants were developed.〔. Retrieved 2014-05-16.〕 In March 2006 Ernest Fedorov was running a Mafia Club in Kiev, using his own patented variation of the rules. The club organizes games, rates players, and awards prizes (including a Sicily trip for their tournament-series champion).〔 The club has its own rules, see: 〕 In June 2006 a Rockingham school inquiry was launched after parents complained of the traumatic effects classroom Mafia was having on their fifth-grade children. Davidoff responded to the reports, saying that as a parent who had studied child psychology for 25 years, he felt that the game could "teach kids to distinguish right from wrong", and that the positive message of being honest could overcome the negative effects of an "evil narrator" moderating the game as if it were a scary story. In September 2013 a web-chat variation of Mafia began to gain popularity, with players participating from across the globe using only web-cameras and microphones. Chris "PopeStottle" Stottle founded Daily Mafia, a community which hosts games for hundreds of individuals on the popular streaming website twitch.tv.〔cite web | url = http://twitch.tv/dailymafia | title = Daily Mafia〕 The stream is viewed regularly by hundreds of individuals world wide and has even stemmed the creation of multiple spin-off mafia streams, such as Ryuzilla's Super Mafia All-Stars Boonetown's Town Mafia, and Jesus Toast Mafia's Friday Night Mafia. In late 2013, Michael "Thingyman" Harders founded the Game of Mafia Champions, an invitation-only series in which players from multiple internet communities play in a series of mafia games, culminating in a final game, where the best player of the year is determined. The series was first hosted on Two Plus Two Poker Forums' Puzzles and Other Games section and has since been moved to Mafia Universe. In 2015 a customisable version of the Mafia game was released by game company (Bendy Games ), allowing players to use photographs of their friends and family to represent the various characters in the game world. Mafia was called one of the 50 most historically and culturally significant games published since 1800 by about.com.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Board and Card Games Timeline ). About.com also includes Mafia in the Top 5 Best Voting Games. The reason it is significant is given: (【引用サイトリンク】 Werewolf / Mafia )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mafia (party game)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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